CAN WE RESTORE THE NATURAL WORLD?
IS IT POSSIBLE TO PROTECT AND RESTORE WHAT HAS BEEN LOST IN NATURE? THE ANNUAL CHANGING OF THE SEASONS ALLOWS US TO OBSERVE THE RESILIENCE THAT HAS BEEN DESIGNED INTO THE NATURAL WORLD, AND OFFERS A DEGREE OF HOPE. THOUGH STUDIES AND OBSERVATIONS, ONE MUST CONCLUDE THAT THE NATURAL WORLD IS AN AMALGAMATION OF UNIQUE INDIVIDUAL ECOSYSTEMS. THIS CONCLUSION WAS RECENTLY SUPPORTED BY A STUDY CONDUCTED BY CHICO ET AL. (2020) IN NORTHERN SPAIN, WHERE THEY STATE, “THE NATURAL WORLD IS BUILT ON COMPLEX, INTRINSIC ECOSYSTEMS THAT OPERATE IN CONCORD”.
OBSERVING HUMANITY’S EFFORTS TO CREATE ARTIFICIAL ECOSYSTEMS, RAISES DOUBT AS TO HUMANITY’S ABILITY TO UNDERSTAND AND FOLLOW NATURE’S WAY. IN FACT, OBSERVING PAST EFFORTS TO CONTROL AND MANIPULATE NATURE, RAISES QUESTIONS ABOUT THE DEPTH OF UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING. THE SPANISH STUDY INDICATES THE MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IS DIFFICULT DUE TO THE MAGNITUDE AND COMPLEXITY OF ISSUES. “DISRUPTING, ENHANCING, OR REMOVING ONE COMPONENT WILL AFFECT ALL THE REST. THIS MEANS THAT EVERY ACTION TAKEN IN THE ENVIRONMENT, FOR GOOD OR FOR WORSE, HAS THE POTENTIAL TO CATALYZE A CASCADE OF UNPREDICTABLE OUTCOMES.”
THERE HAVE BEEN NUMEROUS EXAMPLES OF HUMANITY’S EFFORT TO SAVE THREATENED OR ENDANGERED SPECIES FROM EXTINCTION. WE HAVE OBSERVED HOW REMOVAL OF A LARGE MAMMAL SPECIES UPSETS THE BIOTIC BALANCE OF THE ECOSYSTEM AND WE HAVE ESTABLISHED REGULATIONS TO PREVENT LOSS OF ENDANGERED SPECIES, AND EVEN REINTRODUCED SPECIES INTO HABITATS THEY ONCE OCCUPIED. THE PROBLEM IS COMPLICATED BY THE FACT, THAT OVER HALF OF THE SPECIES ARE MICROBES AND LIVE IN THE INVISIBLE WORLD BENEATH THE SURFACE OF THE GROUND.
HUMANITY’S EFFORT TO CREATE ARTIFICIAL ECOSYSTEMS HAS NOT BEEN ALL THAT SUCCESSFUL. THERE ARE NUMEROUS EXAMPLES OF CREATED SYSTEMS SUCH AS; HUMAN COMMUNITIES, AGRICULTURAL CROP LANDS, ZOO’S, GREENHOUSES, FISH FARMS, AQUARIUMS AND FOREST PLANTATIONS. THESE ARTIFICIAL SYSTEMS LACK THE REQUIRED BIO-DIVERSITY FOR SUSTAINABILITY AND REQUIRE RESOURCES AND ENERGY FROM OUTSIDE THE SYSTEM. ARTIFICIAL ECOSYSTEMS REQUIRE HUMAN SUPPORT FOR SUSTAINABILITY, AND THE SUPPORT TENDS TO FOCUS ONLY ON THE ABOVE GROUND LIFE SYSTEMS. ONE MUST QUESTION THE ABILITY OF HUMANS TO IMPLEMENT RECLAMATION STRATEGIES CAPABLE OF RESTORING A COMPLEX DIVERSE ECOSYSTEM. SCIENCE SUGGESTS, WE WOULD BE FORTUNATE IF WE COULD RESTORE 20% OF THE SYSTEMS WE HAVE DESTROYED.
IF WE DECIDE TO CHANGE OUR MANAGEMENT GOALS FROM UTILIZATION OF RESOURCES TO RESTORATION OF THE NATURAL WORLD, SHOULD WE FOCUS ON THE CONDITION OF THE HABITAT OR THE MISSING INDIGENOUS SPECIES WHICH WERE HISTORICALLY PART OF THE ECOSYSTEM? ANDREW PLUMPTRE, HEAD OF KEY BIODIVERSITY AREAS SECRETARIAT, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND, ESTIMATES THAT 43% OF THE WORLD’S LAND BASE, HAS INTACT HABITAT. WHEN YOU ACCOUNT FOR SPECIES LOSS, INTACT ECOSYSTEMS ARE JUST 2.9 % INTACT AND SUSTAINABLE. PLUMPTRE, GOES ON TO SUGGEST WE COULD RESTORE 20% OF THE LAND ECOSYSTEMS BY REINTRODUCING, NO MORE THAN FIVE, INDIGENOUS SPECIES INTO OTHERWISE INTACT SYSTEMS.
THE QUESTION OF HOW TO RESTORE THE NATURAL WORLD IS COMPLEX. WE MUST ACCEPT THE FACT THAT HUMAN DEMANDS FOR RESOURCES FROM NATURE ARE THE MAJOR CAUSE OF HABITAT DESTRUCTION AND HAVE ACCELERATED WITH THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND EXPANDING WORLD POPULATION. THE FIRST STEP IS THE ARTICULATION AND ACCEPTANCE OF THE PROBLEM. CURRENTLY, LEADERSHIP IS FOCUSED ON A FEW SYMPTOMS OF THE PROBLEM, SUCH AS FOSSIL FUEL CONSUMPTION. BACK IN THE 1960’S, A GROUP OF MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GRADUATE STUDENTS, WORKING ON THEIR DOCTORATE THESIS, CONDUCTED A STUDY ON WHY SOLUTIONS TO COMPLEX PROBLEMS HAVE A VERY LOW IMPLEMENTATION RATE. THEIR FINDINGS CONCLUDED THAT FAILURE WAS MAINLY DUE TO PEOPLES LACK OF UNDERSTANDING WHAT THE PROBLEM WAS AND WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF WE FAIL TO RESOLVE THE PROBLEM. SO CALLED IMPLEMENTATION GENIUSES, FOCUS ON THE POTENTIALLY AFFECTED PEOPLE’S INVOLVEMENT THROUGHOUT THE DISCISSION MAKING PROCESS, NOT MORE TECHNOLOGICAL INFORMATION.
WHEN WE BEGIN THE RESTORATION PROCESS, WE MUST DECIDE WHERE WE NEED TO PLACE OUR EMPHASIS, ON SPECIES RESTORATION OR HABITAT RECOVERY. PLUMPTRE’S STATISTICS WOULD SUGGEST OUR EMPHASIS SHOULD BE ON SPECIES RESTORATION. HIS MAIN CONCERN APPEARS TO BE ON KEY LARGE MAMMALS, WHOSE LOSS MAY FUNDAMENTALLY CHANGE HOW THEIR ECOSYSTEMS WORK.
AFTER CAREFUL REVIEW, I BELIEVE OUR EFFORTS MUST CONSIDER A DIFFERENT APPROACH. AS PREVIOUSLY STATED, OUR NATURAL WORLD WAS CREATED THROUGH AN AMALGAMATION OF ECOSYSTEMS. THIS IS TRUE REGARDLESS OF THE LOCATION OF THE ECOSYSTEM. LOGIC DICTATES OUR FOCUS MUST START ON RESTORING INDIVIDUAL ECOSYSTEMS OR COMMUNITIES. THAT IS AN ENORMOUS UNDERTAKING AND WILL REQUIRE A WORLDWIDE EFFORT, ALONG WITH A COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF HOW THE ENTIRE ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONS. WE CAN NOT IGNORE THE INVISIBLE HALF OF LIFE BELOW THE GROUND. THESE ECOSYSTEMS APPEAR TO PERSIST FOR MILLIONS OF YEARS, AND RESTORATION MUST RETURN THE ORIGINAL BIO-DIVERSITY AND BALANCE WHICH SUSTAINS THESE UNITS OVER THIS LONG TIME FRAME.
IT IS OBVIOUS THAT SPECIES EXTINCTION IS A PRIMARY REASON FOR FAILURE AND COLLAPSE OF MANY ECOSYSTEMS. FERNANDO BLANCO OF THE LEIBNIZ INSTITUTE FOR EVOLUTION AND BIODIVERSITY SCIENCE IN GERMANY, SUGGESTS THAT LARGE MAMMALS, PARTICULARLY BROWSERS AND GRAZERS, ARE TRANSIENT IN ECOSYSTEMS THAT PERSIST OVER MILLIONS OF YEARS. A CONTROVERSIAL STUDY IN 2019 FOUND A CHANGING OF SPECIES WITHIN CURRENT ECOSYSTEMS, WHERE NEW SPECIES OFTEN REPLACED OTHERS PREFORMING SIMILAR FUNCTIONS. THIS IS A KEY ISSUE IN SPECIES RECOVERY, AS IT IS THE FUNCTION EACH SPECIES PREFORMS THAT PROVIDES SUSTAINABILITY OF THE ECOSYSTEM. ALTHOUGH, THE TRANSIENT MOVEMENTS OF THE ABOVE GROUND SPECIES MAY HAVE LIMITED IMPACT ON THE ECOSYSTEM, THIS IS NOT TRUE OF THE MULTITUDE OF SPECIES LIVING IN THE UNDERGROUND WORLD.
IT IS OBVIOUS THAT IF WE ARE TO RESTORE ANY PORTION OF THE NATURAL WORLD, WE MUST FOCUS ON ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION. WE MUST RESTORE THE DIVERSITY, BALANCE AND RESILIENCE OF INDIVIDUAL COMMUNITIES OR ECOSYSTEMS. THE FIRST PRIORITY IS TO CHANGE THE WAY WE TREAT THE LAND, HABITAT. WE NOT ONLY CLEAR THE LAND OF VEGETATION, BUT CHANGE THE TOPOGRAPHY, TILL THE SOIL AND TURN THE GROUND UPSIDE DOWN TO REMOVE LARGE VOLUMES OF MINERALS. CLEAR-CUTTING, WHICH DESTROYS BIO-DIVERSITY, MUST BE PUSHED ASIDE AND HARVESTING MOUNTAINSIDES AND DRAINAGES MUST BE REPLACED WITH TREATMENT PRESCRIPTIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL FOREST COMMUNITIES. OVER-UTILIZATION AND OVER-HARVESTING MUST BE CONTROLLED. WE MUST BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL ECOSYSTEMS AND MANAGE FOLLOWING NATURE’S WAY. IN 34 YEARS OF EXPERIENCE, I CANNOT RECALL A SINGLE FORESTER THAT IDENTIFIED A FOREST COMMUNITY OR ECOSYSTEM, ONLY TIMBER TYPES. CREATING PLANTATIONS, WHICH ARE LACKING OR VOID OF DIVERSITY MUST STOP, AND NATURAL REGENERATION BY THE MOTHER TREES MUST BE RELIED UPON. BEN RAWLENCE, FOUNDER AND DIRESTOR OF BLACK MOUNTAINS COLLEGE, STATES “A PLANTATION IS NOT A FOREST”. THIS PROFOUND STATEMENT MUST REPLACE GIFFORD PINCHOT’S DEFINITION OF FORESTRY AS, “GROWING TREES AS CROPS”.
THE REINTRODUCTION OF EXTINCT SPECIES WILL BE REQUIRED TO RESTORE MANY ECOSYSTEMS, BUT MUST BE SELECTED BASED UPON THE FUNCTION THEY SERVE WITHIN THE UNIT. NON-INDIGENOUS SPECIES MUST BE AVOIDED.
WE CAN IMPROVE THE FUNCTIONING OF MANY OF OUR COMPROMISED ECOSYSTEMS WITH PROPER MANAGEMENT. IT WILL NOT BE EASY, AND WILL REQUIRE KNOWLEDGE OF LIFE SYSTEMS BEYOND WHAT MOST OF US CURRENTLY POSSESS AND IS BEING TAUGHT IN OUR NATURAL RESOURCE COLLEGE MAJORS. OUR DESIRED FUTURE REQUIRES INDEPTH KNOWLEDGE OF THE NATURAL WORLD AND OUR ABILITY TO INSTITUDE THE PRINCIPLES OF NATURES WAY!
IS IT POSSIBLE TO PROTECT AND RESTORE WHAT HAS BEEN LOST IN NATURE? THE ANNUAL CHANGING OF THE SEASONS ALLOWS US TO OBSERVE THE RESILIENCE THAT HAS BEEN DESIGNED INTO THE NATURAL WORLD, AND OFFERS A DEGREE OF HOPE. THOUGH STUDIES AND OBSERVATIONS, ONE MUST CONCLUDE THAT THE NATURAL WORLD IS AN AMALGAMATION OF UNIQUE INDIVIDUAL ECOSYSTEMS. THIS CONCLUSION WAS RECENTLY SUPPORTED BY A STUDY CONDUCTED BY CHICO ET AL. (2020) IN NORTHERN SPAIN, WHERE THEY STATE, “THE NATURAL WORLD IS BUILT ON COMPLEX, INTRINSIC ECOSYSTEMS THAT OPERATE IN CONCORD”.
OBSERVING HUMANITY’S EFFORTS TO CREATE ARTIFICIAL ECOSYSTEMS, RAISES DOUBT AS TO HUMANITY’S ABILITY TO UNDERSTAND AND FOLLOW NATURE’S WAY. IN FACT, OBSERVING PAST EFFORTS TO CONTROL AND MANIPULATE NATURE, RAISES QUESTIONS ABOUT THE DEPTH OF UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING. THE SPANISH STUDY INDICATES THE MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IS DIFFICULT DUE TO THE MAGNITUDE AND COMPLEXITY OF ISSUES. “DISRUPTING, ENHANCING, OR REMOVING ONE COMPONENT WILL AFFECT ALL THE REST. THIS MEANS THAT EVERY ACTION TAKEN IN THE ENVIRONMENT, FOR GOOD OR FOR WORSE, HAS THE POTENTIAL TO CATALYZE A CASCADE OF UNPREDICTABLE OUTCOMES.”
THERE HAVE BEEN NUMEROUS EXAMPLES OF HUMANITY’S EFFORT TO SAVE THREATENED OR ENDANGERED SPECIES FROM EXTINCTION. WE HAVE OBSERVED HOW REMOVAL OF A LARGE MAMMAL SPECIES UPSETS THE BIOTIC BALANCE OF THE ECOSYSTEM AND WE HAVE ESTABLISHED REGULATIONS TO PREVENT LOSS OF ENDANGERED SPECIES, AND EVEN REINTRODUCED SPECIES INTO HABITATS THEY ONCE OCCUPIED. THE PROBLEM IS COMPLICATED BY THE FACT, THAT OVER HALF OF THE SPECIES ARE MICROBES AND LIVE IN THE INVISIBLE WORLD BENEATH THE SURFACE OF THE GROUND.
HUMANITY’S EFFORT TO CREATE ARTIFICIAL ECOSYSTEMS HAS NOT BEEN ALL THAT SUCCESSFUL. THERE ARE NUMEROUS EXAMPLES OF CREATED SYSTEMS SUCH AS; HUMAN COMMUNITIES, AGRICULTURAL CROP LANDS, ZOO’S, GREENHOUSES, FISH FARMS, AQUARIUMS AND FOREST PLANTATIONS. THESE ARTIFICIAL SYSTEMS LACK THE REQUIRED BIO-DIVERSITY FOR SUSTAINABILITY AND REQUIRE RESOURCES AND ENERGY FROM OUTSIDE THE SYSTEM. ARTIFICIAL ECOSYSTEMS REQUIRE HUMAN SUPPORT FOR SUSTAINABILITY, AND THE SUPPORT TENDS TO FOCUS ONLY ON THE ABOVE GROUND LIFE SYSTEMS. ONE MUST QUESTION THE ABILITY OF HUMANS TO IMPLEMENT RECLAMATION STRATEGIES CAPABLE OF RESTORING A COMPLEX DIVERSE ECOSYSTEM. SCIENCE SUGGESTS, WE WOULD BE FORTUNATE IF WE COULD RESTORE 20% OF THE SYSTEMS WE HAVE DESTROYED.
IF WE DECIDE TO CHANGE OUR MANAGEMENT GOALS FROM UTILIZATION OF RESOURCES TO RESTORATION OF THE NATURAL WORLD, SHOULD WE FOCUS ON THE CONDITION OF THE HABITAT OR THE MISSING INDIGENOUS SPECIES WHICH WERE HISTORICALLY PART OF THE ECOSYSTEM? ANDREW PLUMPTRE, HEAD OF KEY BIODIVERSITY AREAS SECRETARIAT, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND, ESTIMATES THAT 43% OF THE WORLD’S LAND BASE, HAS INTACT HABITAT. WHEN YOU ACCOUNT FOR SPECIES LOSS, INTACT ECOSYSTEMS ARE JUST 2.9 % INTACT AND SUSTAINABLE. PLUMPTRE, GOES ON TO SUGGEST WE COULD RESTORE 20% OF THE LAND ECOSYSTEMS BY REINTRODUCING, NO MORE THAN FIVE, INDIGENOUS SPECIES INTO OTHERWISE INTACT SYSTEMS.
THE QUESTION OF HOW TO RESTORE THE NATURAL WORLD IS COMPLEX. WE MUST ACCEPT THE FACT THAT HUMAN DEMANDS FOR RESOURCES FROM NATURE ARE THE MAJOR CAUSE OF HABITAT DESTRUCTION AND HAVE ACCELERATED WITH THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND EXPANDING WORLD POPULATION. THE FIRST STEP IS THE ARTICULATION AND ACCEPTANCE OF THE PROBLEM. CURRENTLY, LEADERSHIP IS FOCUSED ON A FEW SYMPTOMS OF THE PROBLEM, SUCH AS FOSSIL FUEL CONSUMPTION. BACK IN THE 1960’S, A GROUP OF MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GRADUATE STUDENTS, WORKING ON THEIR DOCTORATE THESIS, CONDUCTED A STUDY ON WHY SOLUTIONS TO COMPLEX PROBLEMS HAVE A VERY LOW IMPLEMENTATION RATE. THEIR FINDINGS CONCLUDED THAT FAILURE WAS MAINLY DUE TO PEOPLES LACK OF UNDERSTANDING WHAT THE PROBLEM WAS AND WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF WE FAIL TO RESOLVE THE PROBLEM. SO CALLED IMPLEMENTATION GENIUSES, FOCUS ON THE POTENTIALLY AFFECTED PEOPLE’S INVOLVEMENT THROUGHOUT THE DISCISSION MAKING PROCESS, NOT MORE TECHNOLOGICAL INFORMATION.
WHEN WE BEGIN THE RESTORATION PROCESS, WE MUST DECIDE WHERE WE NEED TO PLACE OUR EMPHASIS, ON SPECIES RESTORATION OR HABITAT RECOVERY. PLUMPTRE’S STATISTICS WOULD SUGGEST OUR EMPHASIS SHOULD BE ON SPECIES RESTORATION. HIS MAIN CONCERN APPEARS TO BE ON KEY LARGE MAMMALS, WHOSE LOSS MAY FUNDAMENTALLY CHANGE HOW THEIR ECOSYSTEMS WORK.
AFTER CAREFUL REVIEW, I BELIEVE OUR EFFORTS MUST CONSIDER A DIFFERENT APPROACH. AS PREVIOUSLY STATED, OUR NATURAL WORLD WAS CREATED THROUGH AN AMALGAMATION OF ECOSYSTEMS. THIS IS TRUE REGARDLESS OF THE LOCATION OF THE ECOSYSTEM. LOGIC DICTATES OUR FOCUS MUST START ON RESTORING INDIVIDUAL ECOSYSTEMS OR COMMUNITIES. THAT IS AN ENORMOUS UNDERTAKING AND WILL REQUIRE A WORLDWIDE EFFORT, ALONG WITH A COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF HOW THE ENTIRE ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONS. WE CAN NOT IGNORE THE INVISIBLE HALF OF LIFE BELOW THE GROUND. THESE ECOSYSTEMS APPEAR TO PERSIST FOR MILLIONS OF YEARS, AND RESTORATION MUST RETURN THE ORIGINAL BIO-DIVERSITY AND BALANCE WHICH SUSTAINS THESE UNITS OVER THIS LONG TIME FRAME.
IT IS OBVIOUS THAT SPECIES EXTINCTION IS A PRIMARY REASON FOR FAILURE AND COLLAPSE OF MANY ECOSYSTEMS. FERNANDO BLANCO OF THE LEIBNIZ INSTITUTE FOR EVOLUTION AND BIODIVERSITY SCIENCE IN GERMANY, SUGGESTS THAT LARGE MAMMALS, PARTICULARLY BROWSERS AND GRAZERS, ARE TRANSIENT IN ECOSYSTEMS THAT PERSIST OVER MILLIONS OF YEARS. A CONTROVERSIAL STUDY IN 2019 FOUND A CHANGING OF SPECIES WITHIN CURRENT ECOSYSTEMS, WHERE NEW SPECIES OFTEN REPLACED OTHERS PREFORMING SIMILAR FUNCTIONS. THIS IS A KEY ISSUE IN SPECIES RECOVERY, AS IT IS THE FUNCTION EACH SPECIES PREFORMS THAT PROVIDES SUSTAINABILITY OF THE ECOSYSTEM. ALTHOUGH, THE TRANSIENT MOVEMENTS OF THE ABOVE GROUND SPECIES MAY HAVE LIMITED IMPACT ON THE ECOSYSTEM, THIS IS NOT TRUE OF THE MULTITUDE OF SPECIES LIVING IN THE UNDERGROUND WORLD.
IT IS OBVIOUS THAT IF WE ARE TO RESTORE ANY PORTION OF THE NATURAL WORLD, WE MUST FOCUS ON ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION. WE MUST RESTORE THE DIVERSITY, BALANCE AND RESILIENCE OF INDIVIDUAL COMMUNITIES OR ECOSYSTEMS. THE FIRST PRIORITY IS TO CHANGE THE WAY WE TREAT THE LAND, HABITAT. WE NOT ONLY CLEAR THE LAND OF VEGETATION, BUT CHANGE THE TOPOGRAPHY, TILL THE SOIL AND TURN THE GROUND UPSIDE DOWN TO REMOVE LARGE VOLUMES OF MINERALS. CLEAR-CUTTING, WHICH DESTROYS BIO-DIVERSITY, MUST BE PUSHED ASIDE AND HARVESTING MOUNTAINSIDES AND DRAINAGES MUST BE REPLACED WITH TREATMENT PRESCRIPTIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL FOREST COMMUNITIES. OVER-UTILIZATION AND OVER-HARVESTING MUST BE CONTROLLED. WE MUST BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL ECOSYSTEMS AND MANAGE FOLLOWING NATURE’S WAY. IN 34 YEARS OF EXPERIENCE, I CANNOT RECALL A SINGLE FORESTER THAT IDENTIFIED A FOREST COMMUNITY OR ECOSYSTEM, ONLY TIMBER TYPES. CREATING PLANTATIONS, WHICH ARE LACKING OR VOID OF DIVERSITY MUST STOP, AND NATURAL REGENERATION BY THE MOTHER TREES MUST BE RELIED UPON. BEN RAWLENCE, FOUNDER AND DIRESTOR OF BLACK MOUNTAINS COLLEGE, STATES “A PLANTATION IS NOT A FOREST”. THIS PROFOUND STATEMENT MUST REPLACE GIFFORD PINCHOT’S DEFINITION OF FORESTRY AS, “GROWING TREES AS CROPS”.
THE REINTRODUCTION OF EXTINCT SPECIES WILL BE REQUIRED TO RESTORE MANY ECOSYSTEMS, BUT MUST BE SELECTED BASED UPON THE FUNCTION THEY SERVE WITHIN THE UNIT. NON-INDIGENOUS SPECIES MUST BE AVOIDED.
WE CAN IMPROVE THE FUNCTIONING OF MANY OF OUR COMPROMISED ECOSYSTEMS WITH PROPER MANAGEMENT. IT WILL NOT BE EASY, AND WILL REQUIRE KNOWLEDGE OF LIFE SYSTEMS BEYOND WHAT MOST OF US CURRENTLY POSSESS AND IS BEING TAUGHT IN OUR NATURAL RESOURCE COLLEGE MAJORS. OUR DESIRED FUTURE REQUIRES INDEPTH KNOWLEDGE OF THE NATURAL WORLD AND OUR ABILITY TO INSTITUDE THE PRINCIPLES OF NATURES WAY!
