TREES OF LIFE:FORESTS IN PERIL
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October 26th, 2022

10/26/2022

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                                             FOREST ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN COMMUNITIES
 
MY INTEREST IN THE NEED TO RECOGNIZE FOREST COMMUNITIES (ECOSYSTEMS), STARTED IN 1963, WHEN I WAS ASSIGNED TO AN ASSISTANT DISTRICT RANGER POSITION ON THE MARK TWAIN NATIONAL FOREST IN SOUTHERN MISSOURI. IT WAS CLEAR THAT MY MAJOR CHALLENGE WAS TO ASSURE THE DISTRICT MET ASSIGNED ANNUAL TIMBER SALE TARGETS. THE PREVIOUS PERSON ASSIGNED TO THE POSITION, HAD BEEN UNABLE TO MEET ASSIGNED TARGETS WITH THE AVAILABLE BUDGET. HE DECIDED TO SHORT CUT THE PROCESS BY PREPARING ONLY PART OF THE PROJECT AREA BEFORE OFFERING THE ENTIRE UNIT FOR SALE. THIS MEANT WE HAD TO COMPLETE THE CURRENT YEARS WORK PROGRAM PLUS FINISH PAST YEARS UNCOMPLETED WORK, AND REMAIN WITHIN BUDGET. THE UNCOMPLETED WORK LOAD RESULTED IN LITTLE TIME TO PROPERLY PREPARE MANAGEMENT PRESCRIPTIONS TO PRIORITIZE FUTURE TREATMENT NEEDS.
I WAS DETERMINED TO COMPLETE ANNUAL WORK PROGRAMS AND ELIMINATE THE BACK-LOG OF UNCOMPLETED WORK. IT SEEMED THE BEST APPROACH WOULD BE TO DEVELOP A VEGETATION INVENTORY OF THE INDIVIDUAL STANDS, SO WE COULD RELY UPON ACCURATE DATA TO SELECT AND PREPARE MANAGEMENT PLANS FOR THE STANDS NEEDING TREATMENT TO IMPROVE VEGETATIVE HEALTH. WE MANAGED TO ELIMINATE THE BACK-LOG IN THE FIRST YEAR, AND BEGIN THE INVENTORY PROCESS. BY THE END OF THE SECOND YEAR, WE HAD FINISHED A PERSONAL VISIT TO EACH INDIVIDUAL STAND ON A TWO HUNDRED THOUSAND ACRE RANGER DISTRICT, A DISTRICT STAND MAP AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF A STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM FOR THE DATA.
THERE IS MUCH MORE DETAIL TO THE PROJECT, BUT IT IS SUFFICE TO SAY, THIS EFFORT FORMED THE BASIS FOR MY INTEREST IN UNDERSTANDING FOREST COMMUNITY RELATIONSHIPS. IN LATER YEARS, I RETURNED TO MY INTEREST IN FOREST ECOSYSTEMS AND FOUND IT DESIRABLE TO CHANGE THE TERMINOLOGY FROM TIMBER STANDS TO FOREST COMMUNITIES.
IN 1965, I ACCEPTED A NEW ASSIGNMENT TO A DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF WORK PROGRAM AT A JOB CORP CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CENTER. THIS PROGRAM PROVIDED WORK AND EDUCATION SKILLS FOR UNDER-PRIVILEGED YOUNG MEN 16 TO 21 YEARS OF AGE. THE REMAINDER OF MY CAREER, PRIMARILY, INVOLVED MANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENTS. I FOUND LITTLE TIME TO FOCUS ON MY INTEREST IN STUDYING FOREST COMMUNITY RELATIONSHIPS. RETIREMENT PROVIDED THE OPPORTUNITY TO RETURN TO MY EARLIER INTERESTS AND INTENSIFIED MY CONCERNS FOR THE CONTINUED FORESTRY SCIENCE FOCUS ON GROWING TREES AS CROPS.
FOR THE PAST TWENTY YEARS, I HAVE BEEN ANALYZING MY EXPERIENCES AND OBSERVATIONS, ALONG WITH IN-DEPTH DISCUSSIONS WITH KNOWLEDGEABLE SCIENTISTS, EDUCATORS, THEOLOGIANS AND INDIGENOUS LEADERS. WITH THE INCREASED KNOWLEDGE ABOUT FOREST ECOSYSTEMS, I BEGAN TO REALIZE THE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN FUNCTIONING FOREST ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN COMMUNITIES. I MUCH PREFER USING COMMUNITIES INSTEAD OF ECOSYSTEMS, AS THE GENERAL PUBLIC TENDS TO UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT BETTER. I BEGAN WRITING ABOUT THE CONNECTIONS AND DEPENDENCY WE HAVE ON THE NATURAL WORLD. THE ABILITY OF TREES TO COMMUNICATE WITH EACH OTHER AND TO SHARE WATER AND NUTRIENTS WITH OTHER PLANTS WITHIN THE ECOSYSTEM, INTRIGUED ME.
I JUST FINISHED READING A BOOK ENTITLED, “FINDING THE MOTHER TREE”, BY SUZANNE SIMARD, FOREST ECOLOGIST AT THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. IT WAS NOT UNTIL THE END OF THE BOOK THAT I FULLY REALIZED HER DEFINITION OF THE MOTHER TREE. PROFESSOR SIMARD’S RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS PROVIDES STRONG SUPPORT FOR MY CONCLUSION, THAT UNDERSTANDING FOREST ECOSYSTEMS COMPLEXITIES HAS LOGICAL SIMILARITIES TO HUMAN ECOSYSTEMS OR COMMUNITIES.
THE AUTHOR’S FAMILY BACKGROUND WAS IN THE TIMBER HARVESTING BUSINESS, WHICH INFLUENCED HER INTEREST IN THE MANAGEMENT OF FORESTED LANDS. HER FIRST RESEARCH PROJECTS REVEALED THE CONNECTIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PLANTS AND TREES IN THE UNSEEN UNDERGROUND WORLD. THE STUDIES REVEALED THAT NUMEROUS SPECIES OF MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI EXIST WITHIN THE SOILS AND THAT THESE FUNGI INTERACT WITH TREES AND OTHER PLANTS. THERE ARE MILLIONS OF MILES OF MYCELIUM CONNECTING THE ROOTS OF TREES AND PLANTS IN A SYMBIOTIC ASSOCIATION KNOWN AS MYCORRHIZA, FORMING A COMMUNICATION NETWORK BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT PLANT SPECIES. THIS AIDS THE TREE IN ABSORBING MOISTURE AND NUTRIENTS FROM THE SOIL AND PROVIDES FOOD AND SUGARS FOR THE FUNGI. THIS UNDERGROUND NETWORK PROVIDES A COMMUNICATION SYSTEM WHICH ALLOWS TREES TO NURTURE THEIR OFF-SPRING AND TO HELP SUPPORT THE WELLNESS OF THE SURROUNDING COMMUNITY. EVEN WHEN THE PARENT TREE WAS IN A DYING STATE, IT WAS PASSING ITS STORED NITROGEN AND NUTRIENTS TO IT’S OFF-SPRING TO AID IN THEIR HEALTH AND GROWTH. PROFESSOR SIMARD DISCOVERED THE NEUROTRANSMITTERS WITHIN THE TREE ROOTS, WHICH WERE VERY SIMILAR THE NEUROTRANSMITTERS IN THE HUMAN BRAIN AND HEART. THESE NEUROTRANSMITTERS ALLOWED THE MOTHER TREE TO PASS ON WISDOM TO HER YOUNG AND ASSIST THEM IN ADJUSTING TO SEASONAL CHANGES, CHANGING WEATHER CONDITIONS AND OTHER LIFE IMPACTING EVENTS.
PROFESSOR SIMARD’S DEDICATION TO HER PROFESSION WAS PARAMOUNT, TO THE POINT IT RESULTED IN PROBLEMS IN HER FAMILY RELATIONS. HER WORK REQUIRED LIVING SEVERAL HOURS DRIVE FROM HER HUSBAND AND CHILDREN DURING THE WEEK. AFTER EXPERIENCING THE SEPARATION OF HER MARRIAGE AND A SERIOUS HEALTH ISSUE, SHE BEGAN TO RELATE TO THE DEDICATION OF TREES TO THEIR YOUNG SEEDLINGS AND THE SURROUNDING COMMUNITY. THIS TRIGGERED A REVIEW OF HER FAMILY RELATIONS, CONCERN FOR HER TWO DAUGHTERS AND THE DESIRE FOR CLOSER FAMILY CONNECTIONS. CONSEQUENTLY, THE STORY OF FINDING THE MOTHER TREE, BROUGHT TO LIGHT THE SIMILARITIES TO HUMAN COMMUNITIES AND THE MOTHERLY RESPONSIBILITIES AND INSTINCTS FOUND THROUGHOUT NATURAL LIFE SYSTEMS.
SIMARD’S FINDINGS OF THE COMPLEX FUNCTIONING OF A FOREST ECOSYSTEM AND ITS SIMILARITIES TO A HUMAN COMMUNITY, VALIDATES MY PRESENTATION OF THE FACTS CONTAINED WITHIN MY BOOK, “HUMANITY’S CONNECTION TO THE NATURAL WORLD”. IT JUSTIFIES HOW A FOREST SCIENTIST, STUDYING FOREST ECOSYSTEMS, CAN RELATE TO THE HUMAN WORLD WE LIVE IN? IT IS NOT THE SCIENCE THAT WE RELY UPON, BUT THE ECOLOGICAL UNDERSTANDING OF THE COMPLEX FUNCTIONING OF ECOSYSTEMS THAT PROVIDES THE WISDOM FOR OUR FUTURE. IT IS AN ECOLOGICAL FOUNDATION, THAT DISCLOSES THE TOTAL CONSEQUENCES OF OUR ACTIONS, THAT ALLOW US TO MAKE REALISTIC DECISIONS FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS. UNDERSTANDING HOW EARTH SYSTEMS WERE DESIGNED, CREATED AND FUNCTION IS REQUIRED IF WE INTEND TO PROLONG HUMAN LIFE ON PLANET EARTH! MANAGEMENT OF OUR REMAINING FORESTED PUBLIC LANDS MUST STEP INTO A NEW ERA, WITH NEW KNOWLEDGE, EDUCATION AND GOALS. IT REQUIRES ABANDONMENT OF GROWING TREES AS CROPS, AND CONVERTING TO MANAGEMENT OF INDIVIDUAL FOREST ECOSYSTEMS. I APPRECIATE THE WORK OF SCIENTIST AND ECOLOGISTS LIKE SUZANNE SIMARD, BUT IT IS NOT ENOUGH. THE KNOWLEDGE OF HOW EARTH SYSTEMS FUNCTION MUST BE INGRAINED IN OUR POLITICAL, CORPORATE, ACADEMIC AND RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS. THERE ARE NO SPECIES THAT CAN SURVIVE ON THEIR OWN. IT IS THE INTER-CONNECTIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS DESIGNED INTO THE CREATION OF LIFE SYSTEMS, THAT SUSTAIN LIFE ON EARTH. ALTHOUGH WE HAVE IDENTIFIED ALMOST TEN MILLION DIFFERENT SPECIES ON OUR PLANET, SCIENCE SUGGESTS THERE MAY BE AS MANY AS ANOTHER FIFTY MILLION YET TO BE DISCOVERED. MANKIND’S GREEDY DEMANDS HAVE ALREADY RESULTED IN THE EXTERMINATION OF SEVERAL THOUSAND SPECIES, AND THE LOSSES ARE CONTINUING. SCIENCE PROJECTS WE CAN EXPECT THE LOSS OF 25,000 SPECIES TO EXTINCTION OVER THE NEXT 25 YEARS. COULD THE HUMAN SPECIES BE INCLUDED?
THE ANSWER DEPENDS ON YOU AND ME! OUR DISCONNECTEDNESS AND LOST UNDERSTANDING OF THE COMPLEXITY OF HOW NATURE FUNCTIONS, IS ALIENATING US FROM THE NATURAL WORLD. WE POSSES THE WISDOM TO REVERSE THE DAMAGE FROM HUMAN GREED. OUR FUTURE WILL DEPEND UPON OUR WILLINGNESS TO UNDERSTAND AND ACCEPT THE INTELLIGENCE OF NATURE! 
                 
 

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October 15th, 2022

10/15/2022

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                                    THE EFFECT FORESTS HAVE ON CLIMATE
 
FORESTS HAVE A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON CLIMATE CHANGE BY STORING LARGE VOLUMES OF CARBON DIOXIDE. THEY ARE SECOND ONLY TO THE OCEANS IN SERVING AS GLOBAL STOREHOUSES OF CARBON, BUT IN CERTAIN SITUATIONS ADD CARBON BACK INTO THE ATMOSPHERE. LARGE WILDFIRES PRODUCE A RAPID RELEASE OF CARBON, AND THE DECAY OF DEAD WOOD FIBER RELEASES CARBON AT A SLOW RATE. WE ARE ALL SOMEWHAT FAMILIAR WITH THE PHOTOSYNTHESIS PROCESS, WHERE THE PLANT ABSORBS CARBON DIOXIDE AND THEN MIXES IT WITH WATER AND MINERALS TO FORM A SUGAR SOLUTION NEEDED TO FEED THE PLANT. THE PROCESS TAKES IN A LITTLE OVER ONE POUND OF CARBON TO PRODUCE A POUND OF WOOD FIBER AND THEN RELEASES 1.47 POUNDS OF OXYGEN BACK INTO THE ATMOSPHERE, ALONG WITH MINOR AMOUNTS OF OTHER GREENHOUSE GASES. IN REALITY, ONE TREE PRODUCES ENOUGH OXYGEN IN TWELVE MONTHS TO KEEP TWO HUMANS ALIVE FOR A FULL YEAR. WITH CARBON DIOXIDE BEING A POISONOUS GAS, THE MAIN CONTRIBUTION TREES MAKE IS THE GLOBAL STORAGE OF THIS GAS. THE TROPICAL FORESTS ABSORB ALMOST 2 GIGATONS OF CARBON EVERY YEAR. SCIENCE ESTIMATES THAT IF WE COULD RESTORE A SIGNIFICANT PORTIONS OF THE FORESTS THAT HAVE BEEN DESTROYED, IT WOULD HAVE THE POTENTIAL OF ABSORBING UP TO A THIRD OF THE GREENHOUSE GASES CURRENTLY BEING EMITTED WORLDWIDE.
THE PROBLEM WITH FOREST RESTORATION IS THE USE OF OUTDATED MANAGEMENT METHODS. OUR FIRST GOAL HAS TO BE REDUCING THE RATE OF DEFORESTATION THAT IS CURRENTLY HAPPENING. TODAY, WE ARE DEFORESTING THE EQUIVALENT OF 20 FOOTBALL FIELDS EVERY MINUTE WORLDWIDE, WHICH IS AN AREA THE SIZE OF PORTUGAL EVERY YEAR. THE REASONS FOR THE LOSS OF FOREST COVER IS THE NEED FOR CLEARED LAND FOR OTHER USES SUCH AS URBANIZATION, SHIFTING AGRICULTURAL NEEDS AND WOOD PRODUCTION REQUIREMENTS. THE CLEARING OF 14,500 SQUARE MILES OF FORESTED LANDS EVERY YEAR WILL BE DIFFICULT TO SLOW, BUT SLOW WE MUST! OUR RAPIDLY EXPANDING WORLD POPULATION WILL REQUIRE MORE CLEARED LAND SPACE FOR FOOD, SHELTER AND SERVICES IN THE FUTURE.
THERE IS ONLY ONE SOLUTION, WHICH IS TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENT FUNCTIONING OF OUR REMAINING FORESTS. WITH THE MAJORITY OF LIVING ORGANISMS DEPENDING ON THE ELEMENTS PROVIDED BY FORESTS AND TREES, WE MUST INTENSIFY THE MANAGEMENT OF OUR REMAINING FORESTS WITH NEW MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES THAT FOCUS ON THE HEALTH, VIGOR AND DIVERSITY; NOT WHAT WE CAN TAKE FROM FORESTS.
THE QUESTION REMAINS AS TO WHAT MUST WE DO TO HELP SLOW THE CHANGING CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ADVERSELY EFFECTING LIVE ON EARTH? BY KEEPING OUR FOREST HEALTHY AND VIGOROUS WE INCREASE THEIR STORAGE CAPACITY OF CARBON. REDUCING THE FUEL BUILDUP OF DEAD AND DYING VEGETATION AND TREATING INDIVIDUAL FOREST COMMUNITIES OR ECOSYSTEMS WILL REDUCE THE POTENTIAL FOR LARGE CATASTROPHIC WILDFIRES, DISEASE AND INSECT INFESTATIONS.
MANAGEMENT ACTIONS MUST SUPPORT THE TRANSPIRATION PROCESS BY MAINTAINING TREE COVER SHADE AND KEEPING THE TREES HEALTHY. THE TREES DURING LEAF-ON PERIODS PROVIDE COOLING SHADE, BUT ALSO RETURN VAST QUANTITIES OF WATER BACK TO THE ATMOSPHERE WHERE IT FORMS CLOUDS THAT PREVENT HEAT FROM REACHING EARTH’S SURFACE. TREES ABSORB LARGE QUANTITIES OF WATER USE 3% OF IT, AND EVAPORATING THE REMAINING 97% INTO THE ATMOSPHERE TO FORMING CLOUDS AND MUCH NEEDED RAIN. TREE COVER IS INSTRUMENTAL IN THE PERIODIC RAINS ON EARTH AND THE PREVENTION OR REDUCTION OF DROUTH CONDITIONS. CLEAR-CUTTING LARGE AREAS OF TREES EXPOSES THE SURFACE TO SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN HEAT AS WELL AS RELEASING LARGE VOLUMES OF GREENHOUSE GASES BACK INTO TO ATMOSPHERE. CLEAR-CUTTING MUST BE PUT BACK IN THE TOOL BOX AND SELDOM USED!  
FOREST COVER PRESENTS A ROUGH SURFACE WHICH SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCES WIND VELOCITY AND CAN EVEN EFFECT WIND DIRECTION. THIS HELPS REDUCE THE SEVERE HIGH WIND STORM DAMAGE, SOIL EROSION AND EVAPORATION OF SURFACE WATER SOURCES. WE MUST ALSO BE AWARE THAT FOREST COVERED LANDS HAVE A DARK SURFACE WHICH TENDS TO ABSORB MORE HEAT AND ENERGY THEN LIGHT-COLORED SURFACES. THIS IS CALLED THE ALBETO PROCESS AND CAUSES SOME INCREASE IN SURFACE TEMPERATURES. THIS PROCESS AMPLIFIES THE IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING THE COMPLEX FUNCTIONING OF NATURES’ WAY.
THERE IS NO QUESTION THAT FORESTS HAVE A STRONG INFLUENCE ON CLIMATE. THEY SERVE AS STORE HOUSES FOR MASSIVE AMOUNTS OF CARBON, PROVIDE AIR-CONDITIONING FOR EARTH, ARE BARRIERS AGAINST WIND VELOCITIES AND ARE THE WORLD MAJOR WATER PUMP. THE BENEFICIAL CONTRIBUTIONS FORESTS MAKE FAR OUT WEIGHT THE LIMITED AMOUNTS OF GREEN HOUSE GASES THAT ENTER THE ATMOSPHERE THOUGH THE TRANSPIRATION PROCESS. OUR FUTURE DEPENDS UPON LIMITING DEFORESTATION AND DEGRADATION OF OUR REMAINING FORESTED LANDS!
WHAT TYPE OF MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES WE APPLY TO OUR REMAINING VALUABLE FORESTS IS CRUCIAL. ONCE WE ACCEPT THAT WE HAVE A SERIOUS PROBLEM AND UNDERSTAND THE COMPLEXITY OF NATURE’S WAY, WHAT ARE SOME OF THE MANAGEMENT ACTIONS WE CAN INITIATE? WITH OVER 70% OF OUR ORIGINAL FORESTED LANDS GONE, WE MUST LIMIT FURTHER CLEARING OF FOREST COVERED LANDS. THE DESTRUCTION CAUSED BY MASSIVE WILDFIRES MUST BE REDUCED. WE CANNOT ELIMINATE WILDFIRES, BUT A MAJOR FOCUS ON TREATING FOREST COMMUNITIES OR ECOSYSTEMS, WILL IMPROVE AND MAINTAIN FOREST BIO-DIVERSITY WHILE REDUCING THE MAGNITUDE AND INTENSITY OF FUTURE WILDFIRES. DIVERSITY IS IMPROVED BY TREATING INDIVIDUAL FOREST COMMUNITIES OR ECOSYSTEMS, RATHER THAN LARGE TIMBER HARVESTING PROJECTS THAT IGNORE THE UNIQUE NATURALLY OCCURRING COMMUNITIES. THE EXPANDING WORLD POPULATION WILL ALSO REQUIRE FURTHER CLEARING OF FORESTED AREAS TO PROVIDE THE REQUIRED DEVELOPMENTS FOR HOUSING. IT WILL NOT BR EASY, BUT MUST BE DONE!
EVEN-AGED MANAGEMENT, USING CLEAR-CUTTING TECHNIQUES, IS DESIGNED TO MAXIMIZE WOOD FIBER PRODUCTION. REMOVING ALL TREES DOES REFLECT MORE HEAT, BUT THE REMAINING VOLUME OF FOREST DEBRIS MUST BE BURNED OR ALLOWED TO DECAY, CAUSING THE RELEASE OF LARGE AMOUNTS OF CARBON. USING FIRE AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL RELEASES LARGE QUANTITIES OF CARBON, AND ALL TO FREQUENTLY ESCAPES CONTROL CAUSING PROPERTY DESTRUCTION AND EVEN OCCASIONAL LOSS OF LIFE. RESTORING CLEARED ACREAGE WITH NURSERY GROWN STOCK IS BETTER THAN NO TREES, BUT FOLLOWS AN AGRICULTURAL CONCEPT OF GROWING FOOD CROPS. THE SINGLE AGE SINGLE SPECIES PLANTATIONS TOTALLY DESTROY BIO-DIVERSITY AND SET THE STAGE FOR FUTURE CYCLIC CATASTROPHIC EVENTS, SUCH AS WILDFIRES.
WE MUST INVEST IN OUR REMAINING FORESTS AND NOT RELY ON COMMERCIAL TIMBER HARVESTING FOR THE JUSTIFICATION FOR MANAGEMENT TREATMENTS. THE PROCESS STARTS WITH ASSURING FOREST SCIENTISTS CAN “READ THE LAND” BY ON-SIGHT VISITATION TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL COMMUNITIES, PLACING MAJOR LIMITATIONS ON THE USE OF CLEAR-CUTTING TECHNIQUES AND A RETURN TO ALL-AGE MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES. IT WILL CREATE MANY JOBS BY HIRING LOCAL CONTRACTORS TO COMPLETE THE ON-THE -GROUND WORKLOAD. PROJECTS WOULD INCLUDE TREE THINNING, DEAD AND DYING TREE REMOVAL, FIREWOOD PRODUCTION AND TREATMENTS FOR INSECT AND DISEASE INFESTATIONS. IT WOULD MEAN RELYING ON THE MOTHER TREES FOR NATURAL REGENERATION, THEREBY IMPROVING THE DIVERSITY OF VEGETATION AGES AND TYPES. CERTAINLY, WE MUST AVOID THE INTRODUCTION OF NON-INDIGENOUS SPECIES AND THEIR ADVERSE IMPACTS ON NATIVE SPECIES.
OUR GOAL MUST BE TO AID IN THE RECOVERY OF THE NATURAL WORLD AND ITS INDIVIDUAL ECOSYSTEMS, BY COPYING NATURE’S WAY. WE HAVE TAKEN FAR TO LONG, AND EVEN WASTED, THE VALUABLE RESOURCES OF MOTHER EARTH. IT IS TIME TO ASSIST NATURE IN RESTORING ITS ABILITY TO PROVIDE THE ELEMENTS HUMANS REQUIRE FOR THE SUSTENANCE OF LIFE! THE OPPORTUNITIES ARE BEFORE US! ARE WE WILLING TO MAKE THE REQUIRED ADJUSTMENTS FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS?          
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